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**Only one post needed this week.--JM**

==== Geoffrey Bennett, “Colour Comes to All,” The Story of Popular Photography ====

"Colour Comes to All," was a very interesting read. When Bennett was explaining the origins of color photography, his remarks really stood out to me. Bennett writes, “Almost as soon as there was a way to make permanent camera images, people wanted to add the dimension of colour to the straightforward shades of black and white,” (128). This reminded me of the comment that Dr. McClurken made about the telegraph in class on Tuesday, about how shortly after the telegraph was introduced, people wanted to be able to do more with it. It also reminds me of the idea of the fascination of novelty (one of the cultural values that promotes innovation) and the notion that things can always be better. The moment people saw they could capture images in black and white, they wanted to find a way to create images with color. - Shannon Keene


“The big screen filled with a motion picture in color—color so clear, unburied, so utterly natural that my first impression was not of seeing a movie at all. It was more like looking out of a window at reality.” This quote made it so clear how mesmerizing and shocking color movies really were. This one quote makes it possible to look into the mind of a person who is so desensitized to TV and Movies, that it seemed more likely to be real life rather than a movie. Memories were able to be captured and played back. People, events, and memories were being etched into time, providing a perfect display of what life and people were like.  --- //[[abrooks6@umw.edu|Brooks Anna R.]] 2017/03/22 20:45//


Reading through this article, I was surprised that photography took a top-down pathway to the widely popular pastime it has become. Imagining photography existing solely within a life of photography clubs for elites and enthusiasts of photography seems a bit far fetched at first, but then realizing that we do still see a form of this currently, as we typically see art galleries pricing their art and photographs in the high thousands and beyond during auctions. As widely popular as photography has become, there is still an elite appeal about it that has remained.  --- //[[kmcgowan@umw.edu|McGowan Khayla J.]] 2017/03/22 21:25//

This article was very interesting because I did not realize that color photography date back as far as the 1840s. In the earlier stages of color photography it was very time consuming work, in addition to being expensive. This allowed color photography to be reserved for the elite who had the means to use and manipulate it to make it better. Bennett explains how this changed when George Eastman introduced flexible film in the 1880s. The social dynamic changed, "thereby bringing photography within reach of the general public, and changing it from an elitist pastime for the rich to a popular hobby.” (pg 132). The use of simpler cameras allowed for color photography to reach a broader audience. -Nicole Spreeman
==== Christine Kleinegger – “Out of the Barns and into the Kitchens: Transformations in Farm Women’s Work in the First Half of the Twentieth Century.” ====

“If not for your wife, then for your daughter” (Pursell 181). This quote interested me because at this time (1917) it showed how the father was more concerned about buying labor saving devices to keep their daughter(s) happy instead of making their wife happy. The farmers doing this for their daughter kept them on the farm to help with daily chores while the wife was already constricted to staying because of their marriage. – Jessie Cavolt



I found this article to be very interesting as to how it described income distribution on a farm in the early 1900s. While most women would do household tasks, lug water back and forth, and raise poultry, men would be out in the fields with new types of technology and machines. Clearly the women were not having it based on the fact that women in Nebraska created a 'technological agenda' in 1923 with six items that they should get to improve the home for every item her husband received to improve the farm (Pursell 181). 
Running water is definitely something that we all currently take for granted however, these women were having to lug up to 175 gallons of water daily in order to sustain their household (Pursell 180). For so long, men would not agree to have running water in the house, but with the attention gained from the technological agenda and some wives forcing their husbands to carry the water the men finally realized how difficult of a task this was. I think this article does a great job of showing what the gendered tasks were like and how far technology and household roles have come since this time. -Emma Baumgardner 


As the homemade making of goods such as butter and eggs began to became less common and economical and became mass produced, farm women were left in a contradicting position. Kleinegger defines this position as, “the farm women’s new role as a consumer and her old role as the wife of a producer” (177). The barn and the farming, which was formerly a shared space and group effort between man and woman, become more solidly divided into gendered places of outside vs. inside, man vs. female. While their husbands began to invest in modern farm equipment, farm women were forced to deal with antiquated household items that made their work even more difficult. The struggle and persuasion involved in getting their husbands to install running water hammers in gender roles in which women is a domestic household servant whose job is to know how to buy smartly to get her work done best.   –Anna Collins

==== Venus Green, African American Women in the Bell System, 1945-1980  (1995) ====

In Greene’s piece she argues that African American women are crucial to the overall history of all workers (270). In Graham’s telephone system, black women began to replace white women as operators. This change was facilitated as telephone operators became more obsolete. (271) The Bell system encouraged mostly white women instead of women of color to advance to higher positions. (268) Even unions discriminated against black women. For instance, TTU claimed “reverse racism” because black women were hired for lower level jobs. Therefore, Green argues that racism crossed gender lines. As the Bell system evolved, the company placed women of color into clerical positions which were a great distance from their homes (275). Ultimately Greene argues that the Bell system “limited the employment of African American women…Telephone companies offered black women employment only as operators or low level clerks at the very time that white women’s opportunities expanded.” (281) Therefore, black women were displaced when newer technology replaced them. (281) 
 --- //[[ejames@umw.edu|James, Emily B.]] 2017/03/22 14:47//
==== Other readings ====

"Some Notes on Vocational Guidance"-Waddel

The values of American society in the early 20th century are made clear by Waddel’s statement that “Engineering, and after it surgery and medicine, may well be considered the most vital and critical of professions” (155). As we can see, mechanical knowledge and ability is ranked higher than saving lives in terms of importance to society. Also, this society is one driven by the traditionally male disciplines that called for only the most psychologically qualified and intellectually robust “young men” (156).  For the first time, we see a shift from the value of people to a value of things, such as structures and possessions. This change in mentality will come to define American culture in the 21st century and has led to the obsession with “the race to the top” concept of materialism. --- //[[htaylor2@umw.edu|Taylor Heather L.]] 2017/03/22 19:27//

Waddell talks about the value of engineering as a field and "disciples themselves should be well assured of their qualifications" (155). There is suddenly a value put on those who have had extensive schooling or training as engineers. Waddell also discuses the idea of educating the public on the field by "write-ups from time to time in the newspapers...telling about the engineering profession in general, and incidentally referring to the suggested book, would be exceedingly helpful" (157). As a result the society grew to have a admiration and reverence for engineers, "If the youth of the country were thoroughly posted about the profession of engineering, its scope, its difficulties and its rewards, there would be fewer applicants for admission to its ranks," (157). This idea of the difficulty that daunts many who consider an engineering career or degree began in the 20th century and carried on into modern day society views on Engineering. - Laura b. Downs