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====== Pursell, 324-348 -- Andrew Ross, "Hacking Away at the Counterculture" ======

“You can’t trust your best friends software any more than you can trust his or her bodily fluids (326).” While it might seem dramatic to compare a computer virus to AIDS, I think this quote encompasses this fine line between reality and imitation that we discussed in class when we talked about plastics. This quote shows a major culture shift in America where an invasion of a device one processed was parallel to an invasion of his or her body. Though this was in 1988, I see a foreshadowing of present day technology with IPhones and computers filled with such large amounts of classified personal information that if hackers got a hold of it or if a virus took it over, the owner would feel extremely invaded of privacy or lose a lot of vital information like banking accounts or schoolwork. I know I would. -Kelsey Dean

Ross’ article compares the AIDs virus to how Americans see computer viruses and hackers at large. Ross argues that industry producers benefit from the virus crisis while delinquents, or hackers, are seen by Americans as deviants. He describes the word ‘hacker’ connotation changed to negative because of the virus crisis. In the 1980s, hackers were romanticized as part of the counter-culture. When legislative action began by criminalizing hacking, many saw it as a way of cracking down on the counter-culture.  These deviants encouraged more government legislation and in turn more surveillance. Ross describes Americans saw surveillance as symbolic towards a ‘system’ and these hackers challenged that ‘system.’ (334)  --- //[[ejames@umw.edu|James, Emily B.]] 2017/04/19 12:38//

I found the article in Pursell to be interesting for several reasons. For starters, I never would have thought about how a computer virus acts similarly to that of a human virus. On page 327, it talks about how biological cells need a host cell, but computer viruses need a host program. This makes sense to think of how similar the two behave. I also found it interesting that this article spent time talking about the benefits that can come from hacking. Typically, all we ever hear about is how terrible of a thing it is to do. Yet, this article shed light on the fact that the people who hack are the people that are best equipped to handle making the software safer so that it cannot be hacked. Because of hacking, there have been many progressive developments in software research (330). -Emma Baumgardner

I found it so interesting to see how the “hacker ethic” has evolved throughout the 20th and 21st century. When thinking of hackers today a range of thoughts and ideas pop up. From the extreme ones who shut down the internet in North Korea to the computer science major who can get into your computer when you can’t remember your password. In the 80’s the hacker was someone apart of a “romantic countercultural” movement who was celebrated by well renowned journalist. With the continuance of technology and the internet is interesting to see how the culture takes something once seen as romantic and normalizes it. -Anna Brooks

"Media commentary on the firs scare has run not so much tongue-in-cheek as hand-in glove with the rhetoric of AIDS hysteria - the common uses of terms like //killer virus// and //epidemic//" (Pursell 325). Computer viruses started to be a problem too long after the AIDS epidemic. Media, computer experts, and government all saw the links between the two. The media put a great emphasis on the similarities between the two. The article goes on to say why the link was there, "conscious attempts to link the AIDS crisis with the information security crisis have pointed out that both kinds of virus, biological and electronic, take over the host cell/program and clone their carrier genetic codes by instructing the hosts to make replicas of the viruses" (Pursell 327). These viruses did almost the same thing, one was just biological, and one was technological. - Heidi Schmidt

Never had I realized the semiotic “meaning” of computer viruses for the earlier generations; “the coded anarchist history of the youth hacker subculture; the militaristic environments of search-and-destroy warfare” (Ross 328). Since young people are generally more comfortable with computer technology, they know how to control it better and inherently how to abuse it to their advantage. This intimidates the older generations, who are characteristically used to having the benefit of knowing more. For the first time in the 80’s and 90’s a “teenage” culture arrives between childhood and adulthood, and digital technology gives these young adolescents freer rein to express themselves and do as they please. Therefore, the replacement of virtue and morals with innovation and trickery led to the creation of a special “category of crime” for “crimes with computers” and “extraordinary sentences” as punishment (Ross 330). The older and ‘wiser’ generation seeks to ultimately assert themselves with the law, in a way that cannot contain the digital revolution in their midst.  --- //[[htaylor2@umw.edu|Taylor Heather L.]] 2017/04/19 21:31//

====== “A Global Graveyard” ======

“The equipment in this digital cemetery come mainly from Europe and the United States, sometimes as secondhand donations meant to reduce the ‘digital divide’ – the disparity in computer access between poor nations and rich.” (Slide 5) This quote stood out to me because though these donations are supposed to reduce this “digital divide” the scavengers in Ghana don’t want anything to do with these computers other than the metal inside of them. These donations in my opinion also wouldn’t reduce the digital divide, because donations that people give are usually due to a certain technology either not working anymore or it being out of style. Where does the equality come in giving Ghana these computers that we wouldn’t use in Europe or the United States due to them not working or being the latest fad? -Jessie Cavolt

The photos in this slide were very powerful. To me, it spoke even more to America’s throw away society. Or the masking of the throw away society through the pretense of donations. As slide 16 says, “the waste arrives as a gift.” How often do we donate items merely because we don’t want them anymore? How often do we actually think,”this can be of actual use to someone else” instead of “this is taking up too much space in my home?” The breaking down of the technology for the pieces that make it up also really illustrates the mortality of technology. Individual pieces of technology do not last forever, especially today, when the focus is on the next new thing. What we covet today, becomes pieces of scrap to someone else tomorrow. - Shannon K.

I agree that this image slideshow speaks to the wasteful nature of the American culture, where we all too often think “this is taking up too much space, I need to get rid of it,” instead of “this will help someone else, so I’ll donate it.” The idea that is so pointedly stated in the last slide, that the waste in these poor countries is arriving masked instead as a gift is disturbing in that it highlights the very self-centered nature of the more “modern” countries that are sending these “gifts.” I also thought these pictures were powerful in showing the vast difference between perceptions of technologies by different cultures. Where the American culture clearly sees computers and other electronic technology as something that is essential enough to send over to another, poorer country in an attempt to make life better, the culture they send those things to simply use the artifacts as furniture, and for scrap parts. It seems like instead of sending computers, sending teachers and infrastructure aid would be more useful. But then, that would involve more effort than simply driving an old desktop computer to the nearest donation site.
- Megan P.

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal was passed in 1989, but there are still violations of the spirit of the Convention. Even if these "gifts" fall into a legal gray area, the simple fact is that that is a loophole. It's disgusting how the United States and Europe view Ghana as a trash dump and recycling center. There's still worth in the spare parts, and the trash has to go somewhere anyways, so apparently it's acceptable to use a poor country for that purpose. I feel like I've seen this exact situation in dystopias in Sci-Fi. A slum of the capitol city of Ghana has been turned into a trash dump wasteland. We should have fixed this problem decades ago, and yet here we are. -Nick Skibinski

These photos are filled with young children sent by their families to scavenge. The third photo, of Abdulai Yahaya age 14, strikes me because he is the only thing in focus; all you can see are blurry flames behind him that could be from anything. Computers are the last thing you would think that filled that graveyard. But the fact that we send our old computers thinking that they are of the same value in their culture as they are in ours highlights the digital divide these photos illustrate. -Madison White

Scrolling through these photos opened my eyes to the fact that when charities donate technologies and innovative products to third world countries, the appreciation is there, but the need for necessities is ever-present. We in America have overall access to the necessities, food, water, shelter, etc...but impoverished countries don't have the yearning for technology as we follow the latest trends. They yearn for what we take for granted. Instead of donating computers and phones, continuing to supply food and clean water and supplementing the country's wealth and job markets should be the primary concerns, along with health care. Once the basics are taken care of, children would not need to work and endanger their lives. Look at America while they were partaking in child labor. Those children needed the money in order to help their family get the necessities, and therefore, it is not our place to judge other countries that allow it. The countries' economic and job infrastructures need dire help, and these pictures should only inspire people more to help.

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