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====== Nye, 238-286, “A Clean, Well-lighted Hearth” ======

Do you ever sit back and think to yourself, “I wonder how this tradition originated or when did this become a thing in society?” Essentially why do we do what we do? While the advantageous of electricity are blatantly obvious: it is safer than gas, cleaner than gas, and does not consume oxygen (243), lighting began to take a life of its own for unpractical uses as well. **My favorite Christmas tradition is to decorate and light the Christmas tree so I found the information about the origination of Christmas tree lightings (245) to interest me. The electrification of the Christmas tree highlights the idea of electricity as a novelty and a decoration.** Not only was this changing the way people operated in terms of necessity, but also in terms of flashiness and appearance. It was a way to impress people and gain attention. **“It changed the familiar into something rare and strange (245).**" -Kelsey Dean

In the 1900s, electricity was the main energy source for “labor saving” devices geared towards the home. While electricity had competition with gas, upper class homeowners saw electricity as the cleaner option. Many families in lower socioeconomically statuses relied on gas because electrical lines didn’t reach their homes or it was too expensive. (269) **Electricity won the competition partially because of the way it was marketed.** Barton marketed electricity to “redefine the housewife and her work.” (270) Women, by using technology, delegated their roles of laundry and housework to machines. However, **this technology was a double-edged sword-while labor saving devices supposedly was less time intensive, women were expected to take on more roles in the home. Therefore, the home space became a woman’s factory, a place of production. (271) Nye describes that the combination of “home economics and advertising raised expectations.” (273)** Advertising was geared towards middle class as a way of social uplift. If these households owned the “best” coffee maker, or the “best” electric oven, their wealth increased. Advertising practices encouraged consumers to buy goods to improve their social status since their purchases were an extension of themselves. (278)  --- //[[ejames@umw.edu|James, Emily B.]] 2017/04/12 14:54//

Nye brings up the point on how electricity to household items did not make everything easier, while it made some tasks less time consuming that resulted in women doing more work in other areas of the house. The washing machine is very important to history. From the washing machine it brought a new job. This job was called a “washing woman” who could be hired to come to families homes and do their washing for them, or the other option some upper class families would do would be to actually send out their clothes to commercial laundries to do their laundry for them.As we mentioned in class, there were many things that changed because of the washing machine. For starters it made more work for women in the house. It put the expectation of them to do it faster than before and also get more work done while the wash was being done. Another thing that changed was the process of how laundry was done, what once was a communal and social event became a solo process. (271-272).-Megan Liberty


**
Prior to reading this, I never realized how much influence Victorian style life played in the home. It was interesting to see how people would choose their wall colors and their decorations based around the types of heating and lighting that their home had. For example, people would dark reds and greens to hide the soot from the gas burners because it was so problematic** (253). With the invention of electricity, people were able to choose new wall colors, new furniture configurations and really take advantage of the space within the house in a way that they hadn't previously been able to. It was really interesting to read how much of an influence electricity had on things that we now don't even think twice about. Electricity was also revolutionary in the way that it impacted housewives' cleaning routines. Spring cleaning was very prominent during the Victorian era due to the gas and oil lamps, but because of electricity this notion of "spring cleaning" declined(243). -Emma Baumgardner 

Section VI of chapter 6 provides an interesting **dichotomy between portrayals of electricity in art.** In O’Neill’s Dynamo it represents godlessness and the unfaithful Reuben Light is electrocuted. In Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, however, electricity becomes not only a symbol of Gatsby’s status, it becomes a part of his identity and an extension of his self-confidence. In Hemingway’s “A Clean Well-Lighted Place,” it takes on an almost religious meaning for the waiter, who seems to believe in nothingness, and views electrical light as the only bastion from the darkness. In Hopper’s Nighthawks it is used to create a sense of solitude for the patrons of the cafe. In the span of a lifetime, electricity came out of nowhere to become an integral part of everyday life, and many people were forced to grapple with its significance and meaning in their lives.- Nick Skibinski

I found it incredibly fascinating that gas and oil lamps weren't abandoned until the 20's. I knew that we talked about Edison's reasoning to use electricity to make loads of money but his prices were ridiculous by today's standards. It really demonstrates the length that the elites and eventually the working class would go to have electricity in their home. I didn't realize how hazardous and burdensome the alternative of gas lighting really was until I read this piece. Especially that the humidity destroyed things like books and furnishings. These are complications that today's society would not think of, and that realization really impacted my thoughts on the importance that electricity has in our everyday lives.-Kendell Jenkins 

It's amazing really how much electricity has impacted people's lives so profoundly.People had to design houses to accommodate the wiring system for electrical appliances and lighting. **"Children were particularly fascinated. Long before most homes had electricity, upper-class children had electric toys. In 1897 a book on electric toy making, already in it's third edition, describing how to make an electric train, a tireless electrified dancer, an electric drum, artificial butterflies with moving wings, and electrical firecrackers." (245 - 246) Of course there was still a difference between what is considered a boy's toy and what is a girl's toy. But the electric toys still serve their purpose to provide children a method to learn the latest technology and push them towards their future careers, the boy gets the remote control cars and the girls get the easy bake ovens.** - Laura B. Downs 

In chapter 6, Nye tells us a little more about how electricity use became gendered, and it started early in users’ lives. **For example, when toy companies began producing electric toys for children, he noted that “early socialization emphasized that boys were to use electricity as producers, while girls need not understand it as they would only consume it” (Nye 247). For boys, they were encouraged to “create miniature worlds, animated by electric vehicles, and decorated by lighted houses” whereas girls got replicas of appliances they would use later as housewives (Nye 247).** Because housework became the sole responsibility of women since the advent of electricity, there was great concern that gender roles would be confused from services available to residents of apartment houses that were becoming widely popular. In return, **many people chose to “live in labor-intensive single-family dwellings” that required a lot more attention and care (Nye 249). After all, what would happen if a woman didn’t have to do housework all day? With what would she fill her idle time, or worse, would she question her authority? (I am being highly facetious with these questions)** --- //[[htaylor2@umw.edu|Taylor Heather L.]] 2017/04/12 20:57//


**I think the argument made on page 238, "new appliances meant not more freedom but the expansion of corporate control," is a fascinating one.** It ties into what we discussed in class about domestic appliances like the washing machine raising the expectations for production as opposed to alleviating them. In a sense, this notion of corporate control has manifested itself in modern times. Consider how many of us have an almost compulsive willingness to stand in line for the newest model of the iPhone. On the following page, Nye goes on to mention how homes had been industrialized before the arrival of electric light and power. On page 242, Nye discusses how electricity did not replace servant labor. Instead,** electricity was perceived "in terms of conspicuous display or novelty."** Another aspect of this reading selection that I found interesting was the gendered tension between men and women regarding the identity of the household. On page 253, **Nye quotes a speaker at the American Homes Economics Association who said, "Men in general must admit consciously that the home is the social workshop for the making of men."** The selection discusses the transition from women becoming producers to consumers on page 257. On pages 272 and 273, the text talks about how the Women's Home Companion advocated for "cooperative work" and was wary of "labor-saving devices." **I found the portrayal of the household almost as a battleground between masculinity and femininity surprising because it seems atypical in today's society. Perhaps this is because I have grown up in a society where women are not confined to the domestic sphere the way they once were.** -Yousef Nasser


Reading about the effects of electricity on early domestic life helped put things into perspective. Literally designing your home and life around the electrical systems you want to take part of is typical of humans. Once a technology is discovered and becomes accustomed to widespread use, it is imperative for people to model their lives around it. As an example, Apple products designed their connected devices platform of having a Mac computer, an iPhone, an iPad, and introduced Apple TV. People who loved Apple from the beginning of their iPod products tended to get an iPhone once they became available, which led to iPad to get a good quality tablet with the ability to share date Nd information with their iPhone. Which led to the Mac computer and so forth. Once Apple bought Beats by Dr. Dre, those same users felt compelled to purchase a pair regardless of what they had. **Therefore, modeling our lives after technology, as seen through this chapter, is not something new, but has become more refined and specific.**  --- //[[kmcgowan@umw.edu|McGowan Khayla J.]] 2017/04/12 22:55//



What I found most interesting about this chapter is the uses and importance of the introduction of electricity in the home that we take for granted now.** For example, the instillation of refrigerators in the home made possible the opening the fridge door aimlessly and trying to decide what to eat (something I do often).** It made often the tradition of lighted Christmas trees in each home, showing that electricity was found even in the beginning to function as more than just a practicality. **In a survey about their most prized possessions Americans named their appliances and lamps, something we take for granted now and certainly don’t consider prized or precious.** What I found most infuriating about this chapter is the expectations forced on women to do more housework, faster, and completely without help from the men or children.** The linguistic aspect of electricity as an “invisible slave” is also interesting as it gives a connotation of mankind as the master of electrical technology and appliances, when in a way, it just made society (especially the women) slaves to it.** --Anna Collins

In this chapter, Nye discusses how the emphasis on humans being replaced by machines only increases with the invention of the washing machine. It was desired that everything in the household be run by electricity, including toasters, vacuums, and more. The premise for this is that it would save women time on housework because they would have machines to help them complete daily tasks. As we have discussed in class, this was not the case and only placed higher expectations on women to find new tasks to fill the time they would have spend on the other tasks. Since men were the ones working and purchasing these appliances, there became a higher financial dependence on men. They began to be less and less involved in household duties. **Families also began to show a preference for privacy, as Nye states, "electrification was part of the general process in which the home became more isolated from the rest of society." Pg. 257. Electricity allowed families to turn communal activities, like going to the laundromat, to private activities, like washing your clothes in the comfort of your own home.** The** other argument made in this section is that the home because a site of consumption rather than production.** Since electricity powered tools that took the place of manual labor, there became a tendency to buy more and more of these appliances. -Nicole Spreeman

One quote that really stood out me was when Nye said, “The home had been industrialized before electric light and power arrived on the scene” (239). Nye had been arguing that the home, which had been considered a "passive realm” by many, was actually a very active space, and always had been (239). Homes did not change over night upon the introduction of electricity, they had been adapting to new technologies for a long time before that. From our point of view today, it is hard to understand that electricity hasn’t always been the end all be all of technology. **Electricity, while changing the home when it was introduced, was not the only technology to ever change home. Water and gas are among the other technologies that had already been incorporated into homes by the time Electricity entered the scene**.  - Shannon K. 

====== Pursell, 116-143 ======

===== Maines, Socially Camouflaged Technologies =====
This essay was incredibly interesting. The physicians at the time "may have been handicapped by their failure to recognize that penetration is a successful means of producing orgasm in only a minority of women; thus treatments that did not involve significant vaginal penetration were not morally suspect.**It is also interesting, but not surprising, that morality plays a huge part in the treatment women can/cannot receive.** (120)"** I'm surprised that even in the early 1900s that notion was still considered to be medically true.** Maines also mentions drug paraphernalia on a few occasions, stating that "as social values and legal restrictions shift, the social camouflaging of technologies may be expected to change in response, or to be dispensed with altogether...(128)" **It will be amusing to see how the marketing changes for drug paraphernalia as legal circumstances also change.** -Angie Sanchez 

After reading this section by Maines, and going over the documents used, **this quote seems to sum up the advertising of vibrators, “the product’s advantages are revealed to knowledgeable consumers in language that disclaims the manufacturer’s responsibility for illegal or immoral uses of the product.**” (Pursell 128). This is easily seen in the technical terms used to advertise vibrators, and how manufacturers advertised to physicians, as well as the private citizen. They included medical conditions that the product could help to correct, and never mentioned anything about it being used for something other than to fix a medical problem. **This was a sneaky way for the manufactures to sell their product, “by indirection and innuendo, particularly with reference to the overall result, i.e. relaxation and relief from tension” (Pursell 128). This was the only way they would be able to sell the vibrator without being persecuted for selling illicit products.** I was shocked that they were able to sell it at all in the first half to he 19th century. - Heidi Schmidt  

This section was really interesting to me, especially in that it emphasized (unsurprisingly) how the vibrator as a technology involved issues "of acceptability rather than legality" (Pursell 117). The way the camouflage rhetoric that was used to market vibrators to consumers is still used today, just for other technologies is also intriguing. Now, this kind of rhetoric, or marketing strategy, is used to advertise things like "drug paraphernalia" and "burglary tools" (Pursell 128). A difference that I noted between not the marketing strategies, but the products being marketed, is that though vibrators were an issue of social acceptability and not legality, the things that are using camouflage rhetoric today tend to involve issues with both.  - Megan P. 

==== Document A -- Taylor ====

In the document by George H. Taylor, the patent for the “Improvement in Medical Apparatus” is explained. In this explanation, the working for the new machine are explained, but the most interesting aspect of this document is the language that Taylor uses. **The uses of the machine are “to produce effects on different parts of the human body similar to those produced by rubbings with hands . . . .” Taylor is using what Rachel Maines calls social camouflage.** Social camouflage is taking commodities that are usually for illegal or taboo uses and sells them on the mainstream market. To do this they use a phrase such as the one Taylor used to seem innocent to the everyday person, but truly marketing for illegal use.   -Anna Brooks 

In this document Taylor states that he has built off of the inventions of others to create an improved model. This improved model was a type of personal massage tool. The way it is explained in this article compared to others focuses more on the technical aspects of the machine rather than its uses on people. This is to steer people away from the possible social issues that could arise from its invention. --Kasey Mayer
 
==== Document B -- Snow ====
M.L.H. Snow describes the treatment that vibration or electricity can provide to pelvic disorders, neurasthenia, and prostatitis. I believe that this document most clearly illustrates Rachel Maines "social camouflage" of technologies. **The language is so medical and dull that the "grey-market background" (117) was so successfully hidden that I got bored almost immediately.** It goes on and on and if you were not familiar with what you were looking at you would skip right over it, and the social camouflage would be successful. -Madison White

**“The length of time necessary to treat an individual case, and the prognosis will depend upon the chronicity, whether organic disease be present, and on how amenable the cause is to treatment.” (134) This quote shows how the vibrator was treated like a drug and how its therapeutic application was given in dosages, showed the expected outcome of the treatment, and side effects if not done properly which can again compare vibrators to how drugs are administered.** This quote and the rest of the document also show how a lot of scientific terms had to be used to bring it to the public’s attention because using a vibrator was seen to be a topic in the private sphere of a woman’s life. – Jessie Cavolt

==== Document C -- Eberhart ====
In the document by Noble M. Eberhart, the author gives a brief description of what type of qualities are need for a full functioning vibrator. **A vibrator that properly works according Eberhart must, “.  . . have sufficient power, be capable of delivering an even stroke, both deep and penetrating, as well as medium or light; be capable of quick adjustment from the light to the heavy stroke” (135). I think that this document gives a good perspective on the process of making a marketable vibrator that consumers will want to buy. I never knew the true backstory of how the first vibrator was invented and the reasoning behind it actually fascinated me because it brings to light of how people had a tool to apply for the own sexual needs and desires.** Moreover, the document does a decent job in explaining the proper ways a consumer can successfully use the machine. The vibrator machine would help treat hysteria, menorrhagia, menorrhagia, and uterine diseases (140).- Rachel Kosmacki 

The discussion of vibrator inventions is always a fun and interesting topic to address. In Eberhart's section, the vibrator is discussed medically with mention of a controversial vibratode that goes inside the vagina and gets applied more directly to female organs, not just the spine.** It's weird reading how scientific all of this was. Vibrators were used on men as well as women for the sake of health, not pleasure. Yet now, vibrators are extremely gendered and not marketed for the sake of health benefits, although some still argue for the use of them to help with menstrual cramps and other issues. The only major difference in language is that it's supposed to be the orgasms that help, not the massaging effects of the vibrator. Where did this discussion of pleasure versus practicality shift? Why are vibrators a tool of shame that women should hide now and not a medical treatment for menstrual issues?**  --- //[[lmccuist@umw.edu|Lindsey McCuistion]] 2017/04/13 07:24//

==== Document D -- Covey ====

**While I am not sure of the sound practice of vibrotherapy, I actually find it funny how a poorly understood reaction to the stimuli of vibrations spawn a sudden health spa/clinic similar to our own actions of creating businesses around a new health or business trend. The habit of creating a livelihood out of a fad apparently isn't something too new.** However, I am actually interested in vibrotherapy as a segway into modern massage techniques and if this form of therapeutics was a gateway for more modern tactics. Thomas Lanier