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1. What does the kind of criteria Kirkbride looks for to release patients say about the asylums ability to rehabilitate the patients? — Ruth Curran

2. Would the idea of a “cure” leave patients who were released and then returned to their symptoms feeling like failures because of not being able to continue the standards held at the hospital? — Ruth Curran


1. It’s interesting to see the use of both moral treatment and narcotics explained, how were both able to be “effective”? By subduing patients to that extent, how were they then able to keep up with a more normal routine or conversation with doctors and other patients.-Margie Jones

2. A more trivial question, but one I think still worth asking is why were the rates of constipation so high with those who were diagnosed with a mental illness? What was thought to be the correlation there?-Margie Jones

1. “During Kirkbride’s superintendency, no more than sixteen out of the more than 8,000 admitted to the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane brought suits alleging wrongful confinement. Yet, this small minority of court cases had a damaging effect far out of proportion to their number. Not only did they place a tremendous strain on the superintendent and his officers by forcing them to make frequent, wearying court appearences; they also created unfavorable newspaper publicity for the hospital, which undercut the therapeutic image Kirkbride had labored so long to establish.” (252) 
 I know this is borderline a block quote, but I found it very implicitly informative as to Tomes's perspective of those who chose to speak out against the asylum and Kirkbride. Tomes was dismissive of those who presented their qualms against the asylum system and Kirkbride. Tomes appears to view these previous patients as nothing more than thorns in the side of Kirkbride. I was surprised by the degree of pessimism and invalidity Tomes expressed toward the patients and their claims. - Joey Welch

2. On page 289, Tomes mentions how “the linear plan accommodated all classes in one uniform building,” and while this technically holds true. I found her counterargument against the segregated house system to be somewhat ironic. Tomes contends that the segregated housing system would push the asylum away from remaining “classless” or “mixed.” However, what I found ironic about this particular section was that in chapter five, Tomes provides us with several damning testimonial letters from patients, where they make it quite obvious they understand the warding systems function as a way to segregate and classify patients as well as punish and reward. 

1. One would expect the escapees of mental institutions to not return, however as mentioned in Chapter 5, absconders would often return to the institution. Worth mentioning was that some patients were allowed to enter the city of Philadelphia, contingent on their sober return. Does the usage of moral treatment solely attribute to the voluntary return rate, or does it depend on the mental classification of the escapee? -RJD

2. How did Kirkbride's housing system respond to overcrowding? As specific as it is, one can imagine such stratified systems such as the wings, and flooring classifications becoming quickly overwhelmed? -RJD

1. How does the way Tomes represents the involvement of the family differ from other scholars that we have read and why might these differences exist? Will families always remain as involved with the asylum and treatment/care of their relatives as they were in Kirkbride's work? - Morgan

2. Tomes identifies the greatest achievement of the mental healthcare system in place during the 19th century to be the creation of a way that those who required mental health treatment could return to a normal life. How will the options of people with more minor and/or curable mental health conditions be impacted by the shift in attention from curability to longterm care for those with chronic issues? - Morgan

1. As briefly mentioned in the last class, Kirkbride seemed to be an incredibly charismatic person. Tomes builds on this in the opening of chapter 5 when she discusses the importance of appeasing the “demands and expectations” of patients in the asylum. Tomes stated that Kirkbride was in a peculiar position because as superintendent he held a lot of power, but also due to the nature of mental institutions, a lot of patients were there and receiving aid against their will. If too many patients spoke out about their displeasure then that would make Kirkbride and the whole of the Pennsylvania hospital look bad. Furthermore, toward the end of his career, Kirkbride had gone through multiple court allegations and public shaming of his work. Furthermore, he received a lot of hate and backlash from younger doctors entering the field, accusing him of being stuck in his ways and old fashioned. Considering all of that, how is it that Kirkbride still seems to be such a charismatic person? He only had about 16 patients publicly speak out against him and he is still such a well known and cited figure, as we discovered last class. - Teresa

2. Tomes mentions how Kirkbride differed from many of his counterparts at the time because he never doubted the ability of medical measures to alter the course of insanity” (194). Do you think Kirkland’s appreciation and use of drug therapy was affected by his background as a surgeon?  - Teresa